Decades of studies from respected academic institutions, have demonstrated significant impacts of porn consumption for individuals, relationships, and society. "What’s the Research" aims to shed light on the expanding field of academic resources that showcase porn’s harms in a variety of ways. Below are selected excerpts from published studies on this issue.
The full study can be accessed here.
Pornography Use and Loneliness: A Bidirectional Recursive Model and Pilot Investigation
Authors: Mark H. Butler, Samuel A. Pereyra, Thomas W. Draper, Nathan D. Leonhardt, and Kevin B. Skinner
Published: April 2017
Peer-Reviewed Journal: Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 44:2, 127-137
Background
Sexuality is a powerful core element of the human pair-bond relationship, and as such is of central significance in the organization of family systems and societal structure.
The health and well-being of individuals, families and—by extension—society rest upon careful intimate organization of pair-bond relationships, including its central sexual features (Zeifman & Hazan, 2008). Technological advances of the last half-century have made media a dominant cultural and developmental presence. Media provides powerful behavioral and relational scripts. Sexual media is pervasive, diverse, and highly accessible, bringing sexual content into the cultural forefront of society.
In light of these two realities, the examination of relationship and sexual scripting purveyed by sexual media, its possible impact on pair-bond attachment relationships, and also its possible “addictive” potential, are relevant as a public health issue.
Loneliness arises from a deficiency in key, meaningful relationships, more particularly in attachment relationships. Deficiency may be in terms of quality or quantity, or both (Peplau & Perlman, 1982). Joining Weiss (1973) and Mikulincer and Shaver (2007), we link loneliness to a lack of attachment relationships, defining loneliness as “an emotion that signals unsatisfied needs for proximity, love, and security due to the unavailability of attachment” relationships (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007, p. 280).
“In other words, loneliness is a form of separation distress that results from failure to have one’s basic attachment needs fulfilled” (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007, p. 280). Consequently, behaviors that are potentially disruptive to attachment relationships may “render a person chronically vulnerable to loneliness” (Berlin, Cassidy, & Belsky, 1995; Hazan & Shaver, 1987) (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007, p. 281), and also to a number of significant mental/emotional health problems, physical symptoms, and social withdrawal (e.g., Ernst & Cacioppo, 1999; Segrin, 1998).
Interpersonal difficulties and maladjustment (Horowitz, Rosenberg, Baer, Ureno, & Villasenor, 1988), particularly those touching upon key attachment relationships such as the adult pair-bond relationship, may readily precipitate feelings of loneliness.
Given the pervasiveness of sexual media and pornography, we wondered about the potential impact of pornography’s scripting on attachment relationships and, by extension, loneliness. We further wondered whether loneliness and pornography could be recursively related, the occurrence of either predicting the other. Interactional templates that help individuals achieve attachment relationships ought to be considered a public health objective.
Our purpose here is to consider the potential for pornography use to negatively impact pair-bond attachment relationships and thereby precipitate distressing loneliness in the pornography user.
Methods
Respondents in this study participated in an online survey developed by Growth Climate. Created in 1981, Growth Climate is a clinical organization that offers resources for individuals, couples, and parents seeking relationship help and recovery from pornography use. It is assumed that participants may be in some stage of recovery from behavioral addiction or compulsion.
Participants self-reported their pornography involvement. The online services and the survey were intended to reach individuals from different English-speaking countries throughout the world. Respondents were not asked to state where they lived. However, based on purchases of Growth Climate books, where the survey is referenced, it seems likely that participants represent various parts of the United States, Canada, and Australia.
This study included a sample of 1,247 participants (ages ranging from 18–70 years old, modal age group 25–29). Participants were recruited through the Growth Climate website and through their self-help books, presentations, other online resources, and professional referrals. Individuals who had questions about their pornography use were invited to log in to the Growth Climate website and take the survey. This method of recruitment allowed the participants to respond to sensitive questions about pornography use in private, at their own pace, and without interviewers present, thus potentially yielding more authentic responses.
The purposive nature of the sampling allowed the researchers to target what is more likely to be a clinical sample.
Results
The purpose of this study was to examine the associative nature between pornography use and loneliness using three similar statistical approaches among a clinical sample of individuals. Results revealed that the association between loneliness and viewing pornography was positive and significant. The support for this claim found in our measurement model emerged from the two structural equation models as well.
Those who viewed pornography were more likely to experience loneliness, and those who were experiencing loneliness were more likely to view pornography. These findings are consistent with research linking pornography use to negative affect (Tylka, 2015), especially loneliness (Yoder et al., 2005).
The association between pornography use and loneliness may be explained in a number of different ways. For example, those who watch pornography may experience more loneliness as a result of relationship distress (Willoughby, Carroll, Busby, & Brown, 2016) and attachment disruption, creating separation and emotional distancing in a pair-bond couple relationship.
Pornography’s sexual script, consisting of eroticism, objectification, promiscuity, and misogyny is on its face antithetical to secure attachment, which is conceptually linked to loneliness. As pornography distorts pair-bond sexuality in these ways, it hinders relationship functioning (Dellner, 2008) and threatens secure attachment (Zitzman & Butler, 2009). Individuals who view pornography regularly may subtly endorse and or enact its sexual script and thereby strain any prospective or current pair-bond relationship.
The pathway from loneliness to pornography use in the second structural equation model indicates a significant association that might be explained through an addiction model, as we have conceptualized. Conceptualizing the potential for pornography viewing and the sexual response to be employed as a maladaptive coping strategy fits the behavioral and psychological contours of addiction.
A temporary escape from distressing feelings of loneliness is thus one possible use of pornography and sexual arousal (Lajeunesse & Deslauriers, 2013). This linkage between the brain reward system stimulated by the sexual response cycle and the addiction reward circuit suggests the potential for compulsivity or addiction to the sexual response cycle exploited autoerotically, outside the grounding context of the demands of a pair-bond relationship.
Emotional attachment and other demands of relational pair-bond sexuality help ground sexual expression and can help circumvent (though not entirely prevent) it being formed and fitted to a maladaptive purpose and addictive use. In turn, long-term effects of pornography use include increased loneliness and relational isolation and deterioration, potentially setting up a behavioral entrapment.
The full study can be accessed here.
Your Support Matters Now More Than Ever
Most kids today are exposed to porn by the age of 12. By the time they’re teenagers, 75% of boys and 70% of girls have already viewed itRobb, M.B., & Mann, S. (2023). Teens and pornography. San Francisco, CA: Common Sense.Copy —often before they’ve had a single healthy conversation about it.
Even more concerning: over half of boys and nearly 40% of girls believe porn is a realistic depiction of sexMartellozzo, E., Monaghan, A., Adler, J. R., Davidson, J., Leyva, R., & Horvath, M. A. H. (2016). “I wasn’t sure it was normal to watch it”: A quantitative and qualitative examination of the impact of online pornography on the values, attitudes, beliefs and behaviours of children and young people. Middlesex University, NSPCC, & Office of the Children’s Commissioner.Copy . And among teens who have seen porn, more than 79% of teens use it to learn how to have sexRobb, M.B., & Mann, S. (2023). Teens and pornography. San Francisco, CA: Common Sense.Copy . That means millions of young people are getting sex ed from violent, degrading content, which becomes their baseline understanding of intimacy. Out of the most popular porn, 33%-88% of videos contain physical aggression and nonconsensual violence-related themesFritz, N., Malic, V., Paul, B., & Zhou, Y. (2020). A descriptive analysis of the types, targets, and relative frequency of aggression in mainstream pornography. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49(8), 3041-3053. doi:10.1007/s10508-020-01773-0Copy Bridges et al., 2010, “Aggression and Sexual Behavior in Best-Selling Pornography Videos: A Content Analysis,” Violence Against Women.Copy .
From increasing rates of loneliness, depression, and self-doubt, to distorted views of sex, reduced relationship satisfaction, and riskier sexual behavior among teens, porn is impacting individuals, relationships, and society worldwideFight the New Drug. (2024, May). Get the Facts (Series of web articles). Fight the New Drug.Copy .
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